Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to determine whether breast cancer or other types of cancer have spread to the lymphatic system. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to which cancer cells are likely to spread from the primary tumor. By identifying and examining this node, doctors can assess the presence or absence of cancerous cells in the lymphatic system without the need to remove multiple lymph nodes. This procedure is crucial for accurate staging of cancer and planning appropriate treatment strategies.

During the procedure, a tracer substance, such as a radioactive dye, a blue dye, or both, is injected near the tumor site to identify the sentinel node. The surgeon uses specialized equipment to locate and remove the sentinel node, which is then sent to a pathology lab for microscopic examination. If the sentinel node is free of cancer, it is highly unlikely that cancer has spread to other lymph nodes, potentially sparing the patient from more extensive lymph node removal and its associated risks, such as lymphedema (swelling due to fluid buildup) and reduced arm mobility.

SLNB has become a standard of care for many cancer patients because it is less invasive and has fewer complications compared to traditional lymph node dissection. It is particularly valuable in breast cancer and melanoma cases, where lymphatic involvement significantly influences treatment decisions. By minimizing surgical trauma and accurately identifying cancer spread, SLNB plays a pivotal role in tailoring individualized cancer management while improving patient outcomes and quality of life.